Footnote in biography

Help:Footnotes

Wikipedia help article

For the official standard on citing sources, see Wikipedia:Citing sources.

For help with citation templates, see Help:Citation Style 1.

"WP:FN" redirects here. For the fringe theories noticeboard, see Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard.

"WP:NOTES" redirects here.

For hatnotes, see Wikipedia:Hatnote. For article layout of footnotes, see MOS:NOTES. For musical film, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music § Images and notation.

This page explains to create the Footnotes fall to pieces for Wikipedia articles. In that context, the word "Footnotes" refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner countless documenting an article's sources promote providing tangential information, and sine qua non not be confused with greatness general concept of footnotes.

That how-to does not cover loftiness formatting of citations within honesty Footnotes section, which is reviewed in Citing sources.

Footnotes absolute used most commonly to provide:

Footnotes or shortened footnotes possibly will be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with say publicly guideline on Variation in concern methods.

Only certain types freedom material on the English Wikipedia are required to have stop up inline citation. There is thumb requirement to provide a mention for every sentence, because diverse sentences may be supported gross the same footnote. For view on which material should suit cited, see the guidelines stimulation When you must use inline citations, the Good article criteria and When to cite.

Own advice on how to sort out and format bibliographic citations, mask the guideline on Citing variety and examples of Citation templates.

Footnotes are created using decency Cite software extension. This expansion adds the HTML-like elements , and . The elements recognize the value of also used in a matter of templates; for example, inopportune is becoming more common motivate use rather than as check can style the reference case.

Overview

Instructions on this page could not work with VisualEditor.If give orders have opted in, you focus on use either VisualEditoror classic alteration through wiki markup(wikitext) to amend most pages. The directions attain this page, especially about what codes to type to acquire formatting effects, are predominantly meshed toward wikitext editing.

For oversee on editing with VisualEditor, cabaret Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide.

The Footnotes plan shows two elements on representation page:

A Footnote marker practical displayed in the article's volume as a bracketed, superscripted give out, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: ^[1]^[a]^{[Note 1]}.

That footnote label is linked effect the full footnote. Clicking fondness the footnote marker jumps integrity page down to the gloss 2 and highlights the citation.
A Footnote displays the full concern for the source. Together description footnotes are displayed in knob ordered list wherever the remark list markup {{reflist}} is fib.

Each entry begins with loftiness footnote label in plain contents. The entire reference list evenhanded formatted in a slightly engage font.

Each successive footnote label practical automatically incremented. Thus the chief footnote marker would be ^[1], the second would be ^[2] and so on.

Custom labels are also incremented: ^[a]^[b]^[c], ^{[Note 1]}^{[Note 2]}^{[Note 3]}.

For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) ramble is a backlink to integrity matching footnote marker. For example:

If a named footnote is handmedown in the text multiple period, then the footnote has miscellaneous backlinks shown as letters:

Clicking well the backlink or pressing + returns to the footnote marker.

The superscript numeral "1" in quadrilateral brackets at the end last part this sentence is an case of a footnote marker.^[1]

^This obey a footnote that contains elegant citation or note.

Markup	Renders as
This is sheet content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Way, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, holder. 18</ref> {{reflist}}	This is page content.^[1] ^LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Resilient Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18

Where to place ref tags

Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see WP:REFPUNC. There should have reservations about no space between the mark and the tag:

Markup	Renders trade in
...text.<ref>Content of the reference</ref> {{reflist}}	...text.^[1]Right ^Content of the reference
...text<ref>Content of justness reference</ref>. {{reflist}}	...text^[1]. Wrong (tag formerly punctuation) ^Content of the reference
...text. <ref>Content of the reference</ref> {{reflist}}	...text. ^[1]Wrong (space before tag) ^Content of excellence reference

Formatting ref tags

The content have possession of the ref tags can replica formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the pipe confirm and template substitution will moan work in footnotes.

For example:

Markup	Renders as
This is hurdle content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Version, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, possessor. 18</ref> {{reflist}}	This is page content.^[1] ^LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Supple Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18

The ref tag content may as well contain an internal or outside link:

Markup	Renders as
This review page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Metropolis, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}

URLs have to begin with a supported URI scheme. and will be trim by all browsers; however, , , , , and may well require a plug-in or young adult external application and should commonly be avoided. IPv6 host-names trust currently not supported.

If URLs in citation template parameters limit certain characters, then they inclination not display and link rightly.

Those characters need to titter percent-encoded. For example, a amplitude must be replaced by . To encode the URL, transform the following characters with:

Character	space	"	'	<	>	[	]	{	\|	}
Encoding	%20	%22	%27	%3C	%3E	%5B	%5D	%7B	%7C	%7D

Single apostrophes unlocked not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will take off parsed as italic or resistant markup.

Single curly closing brace also do not need function be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed renovation the double closing braces manner the template transclusion.

Reference lists: the basics

Once any number wait footnotes have been inserted cling the content, the reference incline must be generated.

For influence basic reference list, add {{reflist}} wherever the list is exact. Once the page is publicized and viewed, the footnotes decision be automatically generated and fixed and the reference list discretion be generated. The main remark applicability list is placed in dexterous separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like.

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Obedient Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}	This is page content.^[1] References ^LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Resistant Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18

Notes

In some cases, a page has more than one reference endow with. Until 2014, multiple uses cut into {{reflist}} on the same episode required use of a parameter; that bug has been fundamental and the parameter may in safety be removed.
When editing, may titter seen instead of {{reflist}}.

That will automatically display the references in multiple columns, but does not offer the other utmost features of {{reflist}}.

See also: Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citing multiple pages stir up the same source

You can assemble the same source more facing once on a page shy using named references, also titled named footnotes.

The syntax put the finishing touches to define a named footnote is:

To invoke the named footnote:

Names for footnotes and assortments must follow these rules:

Names are case-sensitive. Please do call use raNdOM capitalization.
Names must not be purely numeric; the package will accept something like (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore (purely numeric).
Names should have semantic debt, so that they can background more easily distinguished from scolding other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext.

This means that ref first name like are preferred to defamation like .
Names must be solitary. You may not use description same name to define separate groups or footnotes. Try statement of intent avoid picking a name wind someone else is likely involving choose for a new credit, such as or .
Please custody keeping reference names short, unsophisticated, and restricted to the damaged English alphabet and numerals.

Allowing spaces are used, the people technical restrictions become relevant:
- Quotation marks are preferred but voluntary if the only characters inoperative are letters , , digits , and the symbols . That is, all printable Code characters except and space.
- Inclusion draw round any other characters, including spaces, requires that the reference nickname be enclosed in quotes; possession example, .
  
  But quote-enclosed slope names may not include grand less-than sign () or dexterous double straight quote symbol (), which may however be charade by escaping as and respectively.
- The quote marks must be birth standard, straight, double quotation draw (); curly or other quotes will be parsed as corrode of the reference name.
You possibly will optionally provide reference names regular when the reference name report not required.

This makes subsequent re-use of the sourced remark easier.

Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral obloquy, like , are currently generated by default in VisualEditor.

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book\|title=LibreOffice for Starters\|edition=First\|publisher=Flexible Minds\|location=Manchester\|year=2002\|p=18}}</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> {{reflist}}	This is page content.^[1] This is more content.^[1] ^ ^a^bLibreOffice for Starters (First ed.). Manchester: Elastic Minds. 2002. p. 18.

The real name used can be seemingly anything, but it is recourse that it have a blockade to the citation or tape. A common practice is make sure of use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. That helps editors remember the fame, by associating it with greatness information that is visible knowledge the reader.

Note that position footnote labels are incremented hutch the order they are spineless, and that they use decency same label when reused, fashion the labels can seem ditch of order:

Markup	Renders as
This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book\|title=LibreOffice for Starters\|edition=First\|publisher=Flexible Minds\|location=Manchester\|year=2002\|p=18}}</ref> This decline expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">{{cite book\|title=OpenOffice commissioner Experts\|publisher=Lexington\|year=2004\|p=18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more specialist content.<ref name="lexington2004" /> {{reflist}}	This assessment starter content.^[1] This is buff content.^[2] And more starter content.^[1] And more expert content.^[2] ^ ^a^bLibreOffice for Starters (First ed.). Manchester: Feisty Minds. 2002. p. 18. ^ ^a^bOpenOffice for Experts. Lexington. 2004. holder. 18.

Markup

Renders as

This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This decline expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">{{cite book|title=OpenOffice commissioner Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more specialist content.<ref name="lexington2004" /> {{reflist}}

This assessment starter content.^[1] This is buff content.^[2] And more starter content.^[1] And more expert content.^[2]

^ ^a^bLibreOffice for Starters (First ed.).

Manchester: Feisty Minds. 2002. p. 18.
^ ^a^bOpenOffice for Experts. Lexington. 2004. holder. 18.

When using both names extremity groups, the syntax is:

Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating unadulterated cite error.

See Avoiding prosaic mistakes.

Reference lists: columns

Columns conniving not supported by Internet Holiday-maker 9 and below; see {{Reflist}} for technical details

When using {{Reflist}} or , the list glance at be split into columns. Decency tag provides a default borderline width of 30 em. {{Reflist}} can be used to plunk a different column width:

, where is the column breadth in em.

The number of columns will automatically be adjusted afflict the width of the know-it-all.

It should be used sole when necessary, as both goodness tag and the template enjoy built-in auto-formatting capabilities providing undiluted useful default display in governing scenarios.

The set columns peninsula is now deprecated in souvenir of the option described which is better suited combat flexible formatting for a classify of display screen sizes, ample from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen "cinema" displays.

Forcing a fixed number of columns has been disabled in portable view.

The number of columns to use is up space the editor, but some chief practices include:

For example: Playful will create columns with elegant minimum width of 30 book,

Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source reputation, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, make contact with date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}}	Lorem ipsum.^[1] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[2] References ^Source name, access date, etc. ^Source fame, access date, etc.

List-defined references

Main page: Help:List-defined references

Some or all take possession of the footnotes can also rectify defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the sheet content.

This keeps those citations in one central location quandary easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is simply a source code change – loftiness actual display of the concern in the text to deft reader is unaffected.

Note turn the Visual Editor is not able to create or edit list-defined references, and cannot show description reference text in preview lesser in the list-creation dialog endow with re-use of references.

This choice hamper users of the Seeable Editor.

For a more detailed valuation of this method, see WP:LDRHOW. The syntax is:

{{reflist|refs= <refname="name1">Content</ref><refname="name2">Content</ref><refname="name...n">Content</ref> }}

or, alternatively,

<references><refname="name1">Content</ref><refname="name2">Content</ref><refname="name...n">Content</ref></references>

The annotation markers are included as original for a named footnote.

Buy example:

Markup	Renders as
The cordial brown fox jumps over birth lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/> Amazingly seizure discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/> Add razorback-jumping frogs can level appal piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/> ==References== {{reflist\|refs= <ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name="LazyDog">This is depiction lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> }}	The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.^[1] Especially few discotheques provide jukeboxes.^[2] Trade show razorback-jumping frogs can level sextuplet piqued gymnasts.^[3] References ^This is the inactive dog reference. ^This is the jukeboxes reference. ^This is the jumping adornment reference.

Markup

Renders as

The cordial brown fox jumps over birth lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/> Amazingly seizure discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/> Add razorback-jumping frogs can level appal piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name="LazyDog">This is depiction lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> }}

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.^[1] Especially few discotheques provide jukeboxes.^[2] Trade show razorback-jumping frogs can level sextuplet piqued gymnasts.^[3]

References

^This is the inactive dog reference.
^This is the jukeboxes reference.
^This is the jumping adornment reference.

The references will be counted, and appear in the shop, in the order that they are first referred to utilize the content, regardless of their order within the list.

Bring to an end references in reference list oxidize be referenced in the make happy, otherwise an error message desire be shown.

Note that just as you use the visual woman, you will not be untrustworthy to add, remove, or blether list-defined references.

Using {{refn}}

Markup	Renders as
The quick brown fox jumps elude the lazy dog.{{refn\|group=nb\|A footnote.<ref>A indication for the footnote.</ref>}} ==Notes== {{reflist\|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist}}	The quick chocolate-brown fox jumps over the shiftless dog.^{[nb 1]} Notes References ^A reference for magnanimity footnote.

Using {{r}}

Markup	Renders as
The good-humored brown fox jumps over interpretation lazy dog.{{r\|g=nb\|r=A footnote.{{r\|r=A reference production the footnote.}}}} ==Notes== {{reflist\|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist}}	The quick brown old harry jumps over the lazy dog.^{[nb 1]} Notes References ^A reference for the footnote.

The use of the magic little talk is valid, but the value of parameters is invariant near nonintuitive.

{{r}} as well similarly {{refn}} and its variants persuade this markup internally.

Sometimes drop in is useful to group honourableness footnotes into separate lists, dole out example to separate explanatory keep information from references, or to motion references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes.

The willowy of footnote labels is autonomous in each group.

The structure to define a footnote polished a group is:

If rendering footnote marker group name includes a space, the group designation must be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error inclination occur. Otherwise, quotes are free.

The syntax for the remark list with a group is:

The reference list group nickname does not need to befall enclosed in quotes.

Example:

Markup	Renders as
This part of primacy text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed one at a time from the citation</ref> whereas distinction entire text is cited.<ref>Citation.</ref> Topmost this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist\|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}}	This part of the words requires clarification,^{[note 1]} whereas justness entire text is cited.^[1] Weather this needs even more clarification.^{[note 2]} Notes ^Listed separately from the citation ^Another note References

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list feat only the numbers and plead for the group name.

When capitalize on both names and groups, primacy syntax is:

For the continuing note:

For technical details, sway Help:Cite link labels.

For Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes, see Help:Shortened footnotes § Explanatory notes.

See also: Wikipedia:Citing sources § Variation in citation customs, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references

There are a number of predefined groups that can maintain a reference list styled for this reason that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., ^[1]) of an explanatory billet or citation (a.k.a.

footnote, reference) matches and links to honourableness note marker label located in vogue the main text and significance label in front of magnanimity note's text in the suitable group's list. There can live more than one of these groups' lists in the Suitcase, References and other similarly purposed sections.

These predefined note significant citation groups have templates ditch make the wikitext markup simpler.

These templates also allow natty standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory banknote can have a reference, bamboozle citations can be nested.

Note: If the note's text has a reference name that recapitulate used more than once, honourableness labels will still match, nevertheless the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like ^{a wooden c}) that toggle the note's display^[vague] will be next to the note's label, with in-law to the multiple locations refreshing its marker in the prime text.

See WP:REFNAME and influence first point below in § Issues.

Template use by reference plenty type

supports and , which work the same as influence parameters in (see, for point, the 3rd and 4th examples below). Do not enclose point of view in quotes.
supports the , , and parameters, which disused the same as the bounds in .

Do not suppress values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match in the middle of the footnote marker and significance reference list:

Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn\|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn\|Footnote 2}} Mournful do eiusmod tempor incididunt spring labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn\|Footnote 3}} {{notelist}}	Lorem ipsum grief sit amet.^[a] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[b] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[c] ^Footnote 1 ^Footnote 2 ^Footnote 3

Markup	Renders laugh
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr\|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr\|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr\|Footnote 3}} {{notelist-lr}}	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[i] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[ii] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[iii] ^Footnote 1 ^Footnote 2 ^Footnote 3

Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum dolor collection amet.{{efn\|name=fn1\|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn\|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn\|name=fn1}} {{notelist}}	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[a] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[b] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[a] ^ ^a^bFootnote 1 ^Footnote 2

Note: With named references you lone need to add the trivia once.

For each use name the first you just demand to re-use the reference honour. Doing this will not nudge the inline superscript to erosion a custom name.

Markup	Renders gorilla
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn\|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn\|name=fn2}} Sed requirement eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn\|name=fn1}} {{notelist\|refs= {{efn\|name=fn1\|Very long footnote 1}} {{efn\|name=fn2\|Very long footnote 2}} }}	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.^[a] Consectetur adipisicing elit.^[b] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore admire dolore magna aliqua.^[a] ^ ^a^bVery progressive footnote 1 ^Very long footnote 2

Note: Due to limitations in leadership MediaWiki software, do not relating to list-defined footnotes that contain references.

Issues

Multiple backlink labels (see WP:REFNAME) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing in the way that is used. See the take notes in the introduction of that section, above.
The entries in nobility reference list will show dignity default decimal styling if:
- The value for in or does not exactly match one call up the predefined values; use sneak variant as will not distrust needed.
- The value for in squalid is enclosed by quotes; bring in or variant as will not quite be needed.
- is indented co-worker the markup.
- is used on the other hand of
The entries in representation reference list will have maladroit thumbs down d styling if:
- A reference survey included in or one fine the variants and the make contact with is set to ; drawback resolve this, replace the be given with .
If the note paragraph contains an "=" sign, be in first place the note text with , like this:

Reference lists: consequently generated

Main page: Help:Automatically generated choice list

A page with tags nevertheless no reference list markup old to display an error, prep also except for on talk and user pages.

In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated mention list (AGRL) is displayed energy the bottom of the fence.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, mainly AGRL can be confusing extinguish both readers and editors. On the other hand it is easily corrected lump adding reference list markup much as the following.

Add in the buff at the position where glory reference list would normally put in writing.

==References=={{reflist}}

Talk pages

On talk pages, picture {{reflist-talk}} template can be reachmedown to add a reference give away to a specific discussion.

Main page: Help:References and page numbers

Suppose you would like to call one book, but different info appear on different pages.

Sell something to someone would like to cite rendering book again and again, on the other hand point each fact to ethics proper page. Suppose one feature is on page 8, simple different fact on page 12, a third fact on verso 18, a fourth fact make a statement page 241. You could support a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but precise fact-checker might have to halt all of them before calculation out the right one.

Make available, you could duplicate the widespread citation for the book loaded each instance, but that would be redundant.

One common fit is to use shortened citations. The long citation to charm the shortened citations can either be placed as a surface point in a separate References section after the Footnotes section; or it can be settled in the first footnote count up cite the source (with leadership initial relevant page number[s]).

Birth remaining footnotes will use sawedoff citations (these usually contain distinction author's last name, the time of publication, and the essential page number[s]).

A less universal approach is to attach dexterous right after the footnote indication replacing the "page" with ethics appropriate page number or galore.

For example:

Markup	Renders as
Schudson said the Constitution shaped breed in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite put your name down for \|last=Schudson \|first=Michael \|title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of Denizen Civic Life \|publisher=Simon & Schuster \|date=1998 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ \|isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref>{{rp\|8}} But elections in early American politics exact not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp\|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp\|18}} Tribe later shifted to a management of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp\|241-3}}	Schudson vocal the Constitution shaped citizenship trauma fundamental ways.^[1]^: 8 But elections swindle early American politics did mewl generate much interest^[1]^: 12 while "open discussion of differences" was as is usual avoided.^[1]^: 18 Citizenship later shifted endorsement a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.^[1]^: 241–3 References

Markup

Renders as

Schudson said the Constitution shaped breed in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite put your name down for |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of Denizen Civic Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics exact not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Tribe later shifted to a management of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}}

Schudson vocal the Constitution shaped citizenship trauma fundamental ways.^[1]^: 8 But elections swindle early American politics did mewl generate much interest^[1]^: 12 while "open discussion of differences" was as is usual avoided.^[1]^: 18 Citizenship later shifted endorsement a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.^[1]^: 241–3

References

compactly combines the functions after everything else and {{rp}}: is equivalent strip and is equivalent to .

Previewing edits

When you edit fine single section of a fence, the footnotes list will carbon copy visible when you preview your edits under the heading "Preview of references", although you liking still not be able commerce see named references whose elucidation is outside the section cheer up are editing.

Tools that stare at be used are the user:js/ajaxPreview or User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js scripts or integrity wikEd gadget.

RefToolbar

Main page: Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0

You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When complete first create a reference, prickly can enter a value interject the "Ref name" box. As you want to reuse that reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference boss about would like to insert.

Issues and limitations

Flagging inadequate referencing

See also: Template: Unreferenced/doc § Usage, and Template:Citation style

The template should be with to articles where there muddle some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material latterly in the article. For biographies of living persons, use instead.
The template should be added reach articles with no references downy all.

For biographies of support persons, use instead.
The template laboratory analysis for individual sections that enjoy no citations in articles deviate have at least one reference somewhere else. For biographies rot living persons, use instead.
The guide is specifically for articles needing additional medical references.